{"type":"standard","title":"Restriction site associated DNA markers","displaytitle":"Restriction site associated DNA markers","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q7316324","titles":{"canonical":"Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers","normalized":"Restriction site associated DNA markers","display":"Restriction site associated DNA markers"},"pageid":27962727,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RADseq_schematic.pdf/page1-320px-RADseq_schematic.pdf.jpg","width":320,"height":247},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/RADseq_schematic.pdf/page1-1650px-RADseq_schematic.pdf.jpg","width":1650,"height":1275},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1188020355","tid":"e20511b4-915e-11ee-9dd5-7bfd53ea417d","timestamp":"2023-12-02T22:05:20Z","description":"Type of genetic marker","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Restriction_site_associated_DNA_markers"}},"extract":"Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolutionary genetics. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is often called RAD mapping. An important aspect of RAD markers and mapping is the process of isolating RAD tags, which are the DNA sequences that immediately flank each instance of a particular restriction site of a restriction enzyme throughout the genome. Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms mainly in form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphisms that are identified and genotyped by isolating and analyzing RAD tags are referred to as RAD markers. Although genotyping by sequencing presents an approach similar to the RAD-seq method, they differ in some substantial ways.","extract_html":"
Restriction site associated DNA (RAD) markers are a type of genetic marker which are useful for association mapping, QTL-mapping, population genetics, ecological genetics and evolutionary genetics. The use of RAD markers for genetic mapping is often called RAD mapping. An important aspect of RAD markers and mapping is the process of isolating RAD tags, which are the DNA sequences that immediately flank each instance of a particular restriction site of a restriction enzyme throughout the genome. Once RAD tags have been isolated, they can be used to identify and genotype DNA sequence polymorphisms mainly in form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Polymorphisms that are identified and genotyped by isolating and analyzing RAD tags are referred to as RAD markers. Although genotyping by sequencing presents an approach similar to the RAD-seq method, they differ in some substantial ways.
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{"type":"standard","title":"Buddhist tantric literature","displaytitle":"Buddhist tantric literature","namespace":{"id":0,"text":""},"wikibase_item":"Q4451306","titles":{"canonical":"Buddhist_tantric_literature","normalized":"Buddhist tantric literature","display":"Buddhist tantric literature"},"pageid":4646169,"thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg/330px-11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg","width":320,"height":171},"originalimage":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/11th_or_12th_century_Vajravali_manuscript%2C_Buddhist_tantric_text%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Nepalaksara_script.jpg","width":2420,"height":1293},"lang":"en","dir":"ltr","revision":"1288261261","tid":"8104a52e-2696-11f0-ac5a-f87e6487dae8","timestamp":"2025-05-01T14:13:50Z","description":"Group of Indian and Tibetan texts","description_source":"local","content_urls":{"desktop":{"page":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_tantric_literature","revisions":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_tantric_literature?action=history","edit":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_tantric_literature?action=edit","talk":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Buddhist_tantric_literature"},"mobile":{"page":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_tantric_literature","revisions":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:History/Buddhist_tantric_literature","edit":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_tantric_literature?action=edit","talk":"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Buddhist_tantric_literature"}},"extract":"Buddhist tantric literature refers to the vast and varied literature of the Vajrayāna Buddhist traditions. The earliest of these works are a genre of Indian Buddhist tantric scriptures, variously named Tantras, Sūtras and Kalpas, which were composed from the 7th century CE onwards. They are followed by later tantric commentaries, original compositions by Vajrayana authors, sādhanas, ritual manuals, collections of tantric songs (dohās) odes (stotra), or hymns, and other related works. Tantric Buddhist literature survives in various languages, including Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese. Most Indian sources were composed in Sanskrit, but numerous tantric works were als